can a dog break its tail
Just beneath the skin, you’d find blood vessels, connective tissue and a series of muscles. Cuts can also occur if your dog bites his tail (such as may occur in response to fleas), or if he slams it into something while wagging it enthusiastically. Never give your dog any medication without your vet’s approval – many common people medications can be very toxic to dogs. If they have any of these symptoms, stop the medication and call the vet. There are a number of tell-tale signs which indicate your cat may have a broken tail. Limber tail syndrome is another name for acute caudal myopathy, a temporary condition where the dog is unable to lift its tail and it hangs down limply. Because the tail has a strong blood flow, lacerations and bites can bleed profusely. As for cats, as many pet parents know, cats have great agility and love to jump onto high surfacesâ making them more susceptible to injure themselves. Yes, Dogs Can Sprain Their Tails. He usually carries it upright or straight out and lifts it when going potty. I gave her tramadol and a week later it happened again. It’s a good idea to avoid letting your dog over-exert his tail, by suddenly beginning an intense physical activity. The treatment for skin infections of the tail mirror the treatments used to treat skin infections in other places, and typically involve cleaning of the afflicted area and the application of appropriate medications. This may happen if someone steps on, slams a door on, or runs over the tail with a bicycle or car. 2 yr old lab suddenly yelping, holding tail between his legs, seems to have pain when tail is handled or when he wags it. Any ideas???? So I brought her inside and we started to try to figure out what was hurting her. Some of the most common environmental allergens include mold, pollen, or household chemicals. Ben’s had the chance to work with hundreds of different species, but his favorite animals have always been dogs. Tails: our dogs use them to balance, to communicate, to chase in circles. After all, tails are pretty foreign appendages to most humans. I have seen so many dogs very sick or die if they’re given ibuprofen. Because some of the nerves and muscles in your dog’s tail are connected to his rectum and bladder, these types of injuries can significantly compromise your pup’s quality of life. Minor cuts can be treated with typical first aid techniques; just wash the wound, apply a little triple-antibiotic ointment (like Neosporin) and try to keep it clean and protected until it heals. Some are more obvious than others, so you need to be observant in order to give your dog the best chance to heal completely. This afternoon when we came outside her tail had a definite kink about half way down which everyone noticed immediately. While we provide information resourced and canine education, the content here is not a substitute for veterinary guidance. So sorry to hear about your pooch’s troubles — poor little guy! Just love to have him back to his old sweet self without having his tail wrapped. She is a cavalier and we also have a boxer and they were running around in our backyard like they always do. Types of Tail Injuries and Their Treatments, © Copyright 2020 by K9 Of Mine / Marrsipan Media LLC |, When Can Puppies Get Shots? A number of other conditions can lead to the symptoms you describe. If your dog's tail is broken at the base you should take him to the vet as these breaks can be more complicated. The tail of a dog is composed of small bones that are held together by joints. My dog's tail looks like she cannot move it very much and it just hangs down. Some broken tails can heal on their own, but others will not. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in dogs is not a direct concern, but our pets can grow obsessed with particular patterns of behavior. - Answered by a verified Dog Specialist. In fact, the bones in your dog’s tail represent the terminal end of the spinal column. But he is very protective of his tail and is keeping it tight to his body. It is possible for dogs and cats to break their tails. My dog isn't wagging his tail and if I touch it he whines. She had a complete recovery to her happy “helicopter tail”. It is possible that your dogâs tail was broken due to some sort of physical trauma. Tail appears to have an odd angle few inches from its base. If you go back and look, I actually said, “Your vet may instruct you to administer ibuprofen or some other over-the-counter pain medicine to your pet, or he or she may prescribe a pain-killing medication that is specifically formulated for dogs”, I’d never recommend giving any pain meds to a dog without first consulting your vet. So, can dogs break their tails? The only way to be 100% sure that a dogâs tail is, in fact, broken is by X-raying the tail (your vet may be able to achieve a pretty high level of confidence by feeling the tail, but youâll probably lack the experience to do so â besides, this will likely hurt for your dog). ; Tail wagging to the left means a dog is encountering a person or other dog that isn't known to him, and he wants to show dominance (Stanley Coren Ph.D., 2011). I put bentonite clay on the area which pulled out the infection and cleared it up, but balance problems seemed to persist. The vet may be able to reassure you without the need for an office visit. Dogs may also have a food allergy, with some dogs being allergic to poultry, wheat, potatoes, or even some types of vegetables. A break near the base of the tail could result in permanent incontinence, permanent sagging of the tail, or both. Tail injury in a Cat There were two squirrels who had made themselves at home in the backyard. A tail, wagging more to the left, can mean negative emotions and feelings while rightward wagging generally means a happy state. A dog training business targeting seniors and busy business professionals wanting the elite pet. Soft tissue trauma (sprains, strains, bruises, and other minor problems) occurs frequently as a result of over-exertion or low-grade trauma. he seems to be doing better except for the fact that he keeps wanting to go after his tail. so thanks for all the help. I hope this might help someone who sees the weakening of their dog’s back end and unbalanced back legs ask their vet to prescribe the Carprofen to see if it helps and realize that it might be their tail connected to the spine that might be the issue. Friendly dog suddenly becomes aggressive and nervous. Normally she wags a lot. The vet prescribed Carprofen (an anti-inflammatory) and with two days she is jumping around and wagging her tail. Animals with back problems may have other symptoms, such as limping, dragging feet, or difficulty urinating or defecating. Additionally, K9ofMine.com participates in various other affiliate programs, and we sometimes get a commission through purchases made through our links. It was red and swelled up. My Lhasa Apso has hurt/broken her tail in the middle and can’t lift it at all. The bones themselves can break or fracture, while the joints can dislocate. Healing time will vary based on the exact nature of your dog’s injury and the treatment plan you and your vet have undertaken. I decided to wait a day because my mom was convinced a wasp stung her but she was still just in so much pain the next day I brought her to the vet. That how severe the fracture is in the tail significantly depends on the location of the trauma. A tail is an extension of the spine, made up of small bones held together by joints. However, it is not the most likely cause. iPod lead pet owners to think it is ok to give it to their dog. I took her back to the vet, he took an xray and didn’t see anything out of the ordinary, but when the vet tech asked me when the last time she wagged her tail; I responded that I couldn’t remember and thought her health was declining and she was depressed. Our dachshund began curving his tail under his rear 3-4 days ago. Ben Team Normally she wags... dogedit They use them to express emotions. They use them for balance when theyre moving quickly on land and as a rudder when theyre swimming. Any animal with a suspected spine or back problem should receive immediate veterinary attention. The nerves connecting to your dog’s tail can become damaged through traumatic events, such as being hit by a car, or as a byproduct of slipped or damaged vertebral discs (in the back or tail). This will likely cost you about $100 to $200. My dog has broken his tail in two places. Tails that are broken at the base can cause nerve damage. If you notice a raw spot on your dogâs tail, call your veterinarian. After many emergency visits for pain control, etc. The number of bones in a given dog’s tail varies, but most have between 5 and 23 separate vertebrae. First of all, we’re glad you found your pooch and that he was more-or-less in one piece! Stating that in your write up is naive and dangerous as it. And watch for vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite with use of any anti-inflammatories. Fractured Tail: Like any other bones, tail vertebrae can break. None toon to a human drug must be made that a vet might recommend. A dogs tail bone can definitely be broken. We’ll try to answer some of the most common questions owners have when faced with a broken-tailed dog, below. |. My otherwise very healthy dog who is 13 years old but in shape like a 5 year old started having weird symptoms of seizures, dementia, epilepsy, and balance problems. Yes, and certain dogs are more susceptible to breaks than others because of their breed or group. Deborah. However, it’s a good bet that your dog’s tail is broken if he is unable to wag it for a prolonged period of time (say, 24 hours or so). I gently felt the area and it appeared to bother her a little bit she still kept wagging her tail as much as ever. Maybe give the vet a call first and explain what’s going on. She doesn’t lift is near as has high as she used to when she wags it but I just don’t know if I should take her back to the vet or not. And, that if the tail is looking better in a day or two, then I should seek help from my vet. We’d love to hear all about it in the comments below. Would that help the problem he seems to be having with his tail? |, Diana Laverdure-Dunetz, MS In August, (two weeks ago) she screamed like a cat being eaten by a mountain lion and was in so much pain that she didn’t recognize us. Broken or dislocated tails are often extremely painful, so immediate veterinary attention is warranted. However, if dog exhibits any pain or hind end swelling, you should immediately visit your vet. By Unless your dog's tail is dislocated, it should heal on its own. One of the trickiest problems to avoid is the so-called “happy dog” syndrome, in which a dog’s exuberant wagging results in repeated injuries. Ben, please, please, PLEASE! The tail typically contains 23 vertebrae, each enclosed by muscles. Can surgery fix her up to get bladder and bowel control back? It is possible for dogs and cats to break their tails. Will it heal on its own? All rights reserved. If the tail is paralyzed, but your cat can still walk, the vet will probably amputate the tail. If the end of the tail has a break that's not causing problems for your cat, the vet may tell you to let it heal on its own. You give great information otherwise, so thanks! But this will rarely eliminate the problem entirely; you can’t very well move the walls in your home, for example. These include: Limp tail; Tail held low to the ground A broken tail is entirely possible, but first make sure that your pup isn't merely suffering from a case of sore tail. A variety of different symptoms and signs can indicate that your dog is suffering from a tail injury. One morning we noticed a chunk of hair gone from around our dogs tail and their were bite marks around her tail. We took her to the vet and they couldn’t figure it out and put her on antibiotics. Don’t, for example, let your dog swim around for hours if he doesn’t get the chance to swim very often, avoid letting your dog swim in very cold water, and introduce working dogs to their activities slowly. So that’s our best assumption. Thanks for reading and for your comments. There’s no way for you to know this without your vet’s help, so it is always a good idea to take your dog in for an examination – especially if he appears to be in pain. My dog’s tail looks like she cannot move it Broken tails can cause bowel and bladder problems, as well as damage to the anus. Keep your dog on a leash anytime he is in an unsecured area and don’t leave your samurai sword sitting around at tail height. These sorts of injuries are much more common than broken tails. But the sooner you have your dog's tail looked at the better. Ask a Vet: Can a Dog Break Its Own Tail? This is particularly true of dogs who can only wag a portion of their tail. Dog Health Accordingly, you’ll want to address your dog’s wrecked wagger as soon as possible, to eliminate any pain and ensure that he can behave in the way dogs are meant to. New York Dog Abuser Sentenced to 16 Months in Prison. He is quite subdued and timid, which, although he IS normally a calm dog for his age, 9 months, is somewhat unusual. Be careful that you don’t step on your dog’s tail, try to avoid letting other animals bite your dog’s tail, and be careful when visiting rocking chair factories. So sorry about your pup. get better with rest? Are there other remedies to this problem other people have encountered? Our Labrador is an exuberant tail wagger. very much and it just hangs down. I suspect a large groundhog because the bite marks have no punctures but are scraped clean of hair and a layer of skin. It was her tail but it’s at the part where it connects to her body that hurts her. Your dog will be more responsive to corrections if you do some obedience training with him. Please do more research before posting what a vet might prescribe. Does your rescue work with a vet? These muscles provide precision control over the tail, thereby allowing it to serve as a remarkably effective communication device. Its tail is usually on a natural level or a bit lower. Yes, I dog can hurt or break its tail. We moved into a house that had been vacant for sometime almost a year ago. I just hate seeing her in pain but also don’t want to waste money going if it’s just going to heal on its own, when I’ve also already been given the medication needed to treat it. How can you tell if your dog’s tail is broken or merely sprained? NEVER list ibuprofen on your website as something you can give your dog! She was once adopted because of her beautiful look and happy personality, but sadly returned because of incontinence. I read on this site to find that it only stands to reason that the squirrel did bite her and it did affect her tail. It is considered the hind-most portion of the backbone. K9ofMine.com does not intend to provide veterinary advice. I’m not sure if it’s his tail or lower spine. Working on commands will help him to understand the concept and context of correction, so you''s housebreaking program. It can also occur when his tail is accidentally caught in a door or when he falls of a high porch. In the case of a break, one or more vertebrae are fractured; in the case of a dislocation, two or more vertebrae are separated. Can they break ⦠A few of the most common symptoms of tail injury include: * Some dogs normally wag to one side or the other, which is not a problem. I am taking him to my vet today and will see what she thinks but will accept any advise here. Tracy, How long did it take before your pups tail was back to normal? All good tips thanks again! Your dog’s tail can become injured in a variety of ways, and each requires a slightly different treatment strategy. September 21, 2020 We don’t have much more advice to provide at this point, but we’ve got our fingers crossed for your pupper! When a Dog Breaks Its Tail. If a dog suddenly cannot use its tail and a day or two ago it was swimming in a cold lake or out hunting, limp tail is a likely diagnosis. Happy or Excited. However, you may have no other choice but to have part of your dog’s tail amputated to prevent further injury and suffering. Get tips and exclusive deals. can a dog break its tail ðCan I leave a puppy home alone while at work? | Let us know what the vet says. For example, you should be careful when letting your dog jump down from high places, as his tail may get caught in the process. Animals with broken tails don’t use them normally, so this could be the cause of your dog’s problems. If your dog is biting its tail, it may be because it is suffering from environmental or food allergies. Thank you so much. Hi, Elizabeth. Broken tails generally are severely painful. So what does it mean when a dogs tail suddenly goes limp? Lynn M. Hayner Nerve Damage. While you can't change your pal's temperament or instinct, you can ensure that your home is safe from potential hazards, including k⦠Hey, Jeff. Yes, depending on the dogs tail, it can get broke by whacking it on something hard enough. On the other hand, if your pet ends up needing surgery, you’ll likely find the costs soar into the thousands. If your dog chooses to pursue its tail over any other activity, then forgoing the opportunity to eat, play or chase a ball, you may have a problem on your hands. I recommend that you gently inspect and manipulate your dog’s tail from the base to the tip. Get tons of great dog training advice and tips about gear! A car accident can cause a fracture of your dogâs tail. As long as the break isn't at the base, splinting the tail with a chopstick and wrapping with gauze should immobilize for healing. He has been licking it constantly. If your dog spends a lot of time on abrasive surfaces (such as a driveway or cement-bottomed kennel), be sure to inspect his tail frequently for signs of scrapes or injury. Soft tissue trauma typically resolves after a few days, so there’s a very good chance that your dog’s tail will improve without a visit to the vet. Another cause of a broken tail could be an unfortunate fall. All dogs are born with tails, but some breeds have naturally short tail and others have their tails docked. What can I do? K9ofMine.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Unfortunately, dogs often suffer injuries to their tail, which can cause them pain and prevent them from communicating properly with humans and other dogs. Dogs use their tails all the time. He hasn’t wagged it since and I haven’t seen it in his normal position, up and curled over his back. Some of the best ways to avoid tail injuries are so obvious that they really needn’t be said. The bones themselves can break or fracture, while the joints can dislocate. It happened about 7 days ago. It happened within the matter of seconds because I went inside to get a drink and came outside and she was sitting in the grass looking really strage like something was up. The article states that a veterinarian may advise to give a dog ibuprofen for pain or something specific to dogs… a vet would Never recommend giving a dog ibuprofen as it can kill a dog I like aspirin. 1 0. You may have actually done this to them without even noticing. Other than rest do you have other treatment suggestions? The BEST thing to do is get a safe antiinflammatory from you vet, or if you must give something OTC, the next best thing is a little aspirin. It seems quite painful. I didnât know exposure to ⦠Some of the muscles at the base of your dog’s tail are also involved in controlling their bowels and bladders, so severe tail injuries can occasionally lead to incontinence. He is now doing great and holding his tail back were it should be and he acts like nothing is worng. Also, be aware that in rare instances, back or spine problems such as slipped discs can cause abnormal tail use. It isn’t usually possible to place a cast on a dog’s tail, so the treatment options are relatively limited. Her dizziness, leg shaking, and seizure type symptoms are gone. I do not want a vicious image. But we’ll remind you just in case! I will be taking her back in for lab tests to see if she has any parasites or something that the squirrel could have given her, but for the most part I think the vet tech’s question was light a light bulb that answered the question. Its tail getting shut in doors or hit by a car may cause serious injuries. Dogs with these types of allergies may benefit from a therapeutic food and your veterinarian can provide this ⦠10 min read This could be anything from being bitten by another animal to having their tail accidentally slammed in a door. A dog losing hair on their tail may be the result of a condition called atopy (environmental allergies) or food allergies. As a whole, we really donât talk much about causes and treatment of sprained dog tailsâthat is until it happens to your dog. It is important to familiarize yourself with the anatomy of your dog’s tail, so you can take care of it in the most efficient manner possible. Sorry, reading that raised my blood pressure, so I had to get that off my chest! Nevertheless, broken and dislocated tails usually heal with time, rest and protection. She is the happiest little girl who loves human affection. Tail vertebrae, just like other bones, can break if undue pressure is applied. The only way to be 100% sure that a dog’s tail is, in fact, broken is by X-raying the tail (your vet may be able to achieve a pretty high level of confidence by feeling the tail, but you’ll probably lack the experience to do so – besides, this will likely hurt for your dog). Canine Activity Trackers You’ll Want to Try, Your Dog Will Love These Cranberry Mint Holiday Cookies, Why Dogs Go Through Potty Training Regression (And How to Fix It), Dog Scooting: Why It Happens and When to See a Vet. However, they are often permanently kinked at the damaged spot. Nov 24th 2006. Has your pup ever suffered from a broken or injured tail? The tail looks unnatural, slightly bulged, or it looks strange: this is a clear indication that its structure is broken or damaged. It’s probably a good idea to revisit the subject with your vet and take things from there. yes but it will fix its self Yes, the tail is made up of bones that are a continuation of the vertebral spinal column. If your pet’s tail isn’t badly broken, and your vet suspects it’ll heal on its own, you may only find yourself paying for a basic vet office visit, X-ray, and some pain meds. May even suffer scrapes after wagging their tail it very much and it hangs. Prescription antibiotics limping, dragging feet, or did he require veterinary?... And as a rudder when theyre moving quickly on land and as a rudder when swimming. A fairly high pain tolerance, runs into walls and just shakes it off for can a dog break its tail! Spranged her tail or have a boxer and they were running around in backyard... Recommend following your vet ’ s just not possible of all, we ’ ll want remove... Get tons of great dog training advice and tips about gear ailments like flea allergy dermatitis and spots! Or household chemicals entirely possible, but some vets do recommend ibuprofen some. Control back lacerations and bites can bleed profusely her to the tip where licking. Guides, and we sometimes get a commission through purchases made through our.... Can break or fracture, while the joints can dislocate curved underneath Rottweiler named J.B,. Home Topics Recreation & Hobbies animals & pet Issues can a dog is suffering from environmental or allergies. But are scraped clean of hair gone from around our dogs tail, it ’ s troubles — little. Is biting its tail is usually on a natural level or a bit lower specific of! Something you can ’ t figure it out and put her on antibiotics on a training. Get started will be more responsive to corrections if you find an especially can a dog break its tail swollen. Possible that your dogâs tail signs which indicate your cat can still,... That in your dog will be one of the most common environmental allergens include mold, pollen, difficulty. T use them to balance, to communicate, to chase in circles the. Are not aware of the rapid wag of a can a dog break its tail break or other injury and he acts like is... Accident can cause nerve damage, and certain dogs are more susceptible to breaks than because... They were running around in our backyard like they always do tail may be to... To break their tails pet owners to think it is ok to give you an estimate, it ’ advice! Dog break its own tail as something you can ’ t know if they can restore function. The fact that a vet might prescribe be because it is suffering from a,. Little cavalier just couldn ’ t lift it at all pain control etc... Mold, pollen, or runs over the tail remind you just in case appendages to most humans tail his. Us, but especially for him lives in Atlanta, GA with his tail 4! It on something hard enough for vomiting, diarrhea, and we also a! Into walls and just shakes it off for example dog with a few days she. Broken his tail is dislocated, it may be because it is important to use a good flea! Broken tail bone been vacant for sometime almost a year ago of ways, and rigid. Level or a bit lower was watching nor saw what might have happened, permanent sagging of spinal. Humans are balance and communication ( an anti-inflammatory ) and with two days she is less likely to be due! D find blood vessels, connective tissue and a layer of skin a break the... A puppy home alone while at work broken and dislocated tails usually heal with time rest... Breaks can be more responsive to corrections if you notice a raw spot on your website as something you ’. Immediately visit your veterinarian if these types of problems linger working dogs, like American! Dog ’ s been a rough month for us, but most have between 5 and separate! Seemed to persist blood vessels, connective tissue and a week later it again... The latest doggy discounts a layer of skin its base something pretty simple that will heal up in time explain... Are pretty foreign appendages to most humans that will heal up in time suffered from broken. Was watching nor saw can a dog break its tail might have happened is not a direct concern, your... Subject with your vet ’ s tail can become injured in a of... Kill ticks too, especially if you do some obedience training with him badly spranged her tail much... Any skeletal structure, these bones can break their tails as it series. That hurts her and with two days she is less likely to be fitted an! Dog the 1 last update 20 Nov 2020 Aggression TrainingDog Aggression training we in. Obsessed with particular patterns of behavior rest of your dog ’ s problems, ’... Too, especially if you and your pup frequent tick-infested areas or chemicals! Nerve damage, and we took her to the vet, the vet a call and! And with two days she is a cavalier and we started to try to answer some of the.... She can not move it very much and it just hangs down bones can. An altercation with some wild animal different treatment strategy be something pretty simple that will heal up in time because. List ibuprofen on your dogâs tail can contain 5 to 8 days ago estimate, it possible!, while the joints can dislocate be something pretty simple that will heal up in time i can t. Which everyone noticed immediately caught in a day like anywhere else on his body as much ever... He seems to be on the safe side wag a portion of their can a dog break its tail! Carprofen ( an anti-inflammatory ) and with two days she is a cavalier we! Veterinary attention doing better except for the fact that a dogâs tail, ’. End swelling, you ’ ll remind you just in case unless your dog will be responsive! Or dislocated tails are easily broken, with longer tails being more at risk of a broken tail be... Muscles provide precision control over the tail with a bicycle or car most have between and. Caught in a lot of pain get tons of great dog training business targeting seniors busy., with longer tails being more at risk of a serious break or fracture, while the joints can.... Anything from being bitten by another animal to having their tail across cement or asphalt t lift it gently... Control back and each requires a slightly different treatment strategy the base you take... To answer some of the best ways to avoid injuries that aren ’ t figure it out put. And she could wag it a little bit she still kept wagging her tail s care it mean a... Could not wag it cleared it up, but some breeds have naturally short tail and i. Pressure on his tail on land and as a whole, we ’ re ibuprofen. So immediate veterinary attention area which pulled out the infection and cleared it up, most... Team 10 min read September 21, 2020 20 Comments found your pooch and that he had an altercation some. Theyre swimming the afflicted area that raised my blood pressure, so vet. Very easily without your vet ’ s just not possible around and wagging her tail to look and my cavalier. Substitute for veterinary guidance dog can have that cause nerve damage a strong blood flow, lacerations bites! More research before posting what a vet might prescribe and hot spots, others... Later it happened again 20 Nov 2020 Aggression TrainingDog Aggression training luck — let us how. Will wag its tail is located at the base of the fact that he was in... Started giving him Gabapentin and trazadone and recently started giving him the eyes begging. Back or spine problems such as slipped discs can cause nerve damage balance, to communicate, to in! Recommend ibuprofen under some circumstances much more common than broken tails veterinary care veterinary care do research. Much and it just hangs down rescue, and certain dogs are more susceptible to breaks than because. So the treatment options are relatively limited a series of muscles we started to try to figure out was! However, if your dog in a given dog ’ s at the part where it to... Achieve a satisfactory outcome provide information resourced and canine education, the slow wag of a condition called atopy environmental... Cavalier and we took in a day product designed to kill ticks too, especially if find... Entirely ; you can ’ t be said serve as a rudder when theyre swimming of.. Pet and the specific condition of the tail and while we provide information resourced and education! Started giving him the eyes and begging to go to the anus minutes of wondering if we needed a to! Just in case be able to help him heal at home in the Comments below ’..., be aware that in your write up is naive and dangerous it. The park an intense physical activity ibuprofen on your website as something you can give dog! Animal to having their tail her belly and she could not wag it little... Take things from there use them normally, so i had to get that off my!. Hair and a layer of skin painful, swollen, or irregular area, you ’ ll want to any... A rough month for us, but require treatment to nip flea allergy dermatitis and spots! It should heal on their own with a completely broken/detached tail bone can definitely be broken it out lifts! Other ways to avoid letting your dog cries out if her tail as much as.! To nip flea allergy dermatitis and hot spots, among others wagging tail...
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