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However, there has been limited research in this area. You will not receive a reply. Many of these organizations also believe that revenues from licensing could also be directed towards law enforcement, treatment programs and other activities aimed at reducing harm. Some clinical studies suggest that strains containing mainly THC have potential therapeutic benefits for some medical conditions, including: Emerging evidence also suggests that marijuana strains containing mainly CBD may be useful in treating treatment-resistant epilepsy in children and adults. A per se limit, as is the case for alcohol, would simplify enforcement and adjudication by eliminating the need to prove, on a case-by-case basis, that a driver was impaired. The reports published by these committees provided detailed analyses and recommendations that remain relevant today. The most well-established long term harm of regular marijuana use is addiction. These submissions were often comprehensive presentations of the main issues of concern. As indicated below, a strong majority of online comments suggested that the best distribution model would consist of privately-owned storefronts or dispensaries, acted upon by market forces. It was also seen as unnecessarily inconveniencing those who cannot or do not want to inhale smoke, or prefer the type of low dosage contained in some edibles. (2015). As a result, safeguards are important. From responses to the online consultation, there was widespread support for the inclusion of personal cultivation in a regulated regime. Governments will need to ensure that they have the resources and tools in place to do so. Concerns were often expressed about the need to balance regulation (e.g., to ensure quality) with competition, to ensure variety and competitive pricing. A range of public health and other experts recommended that the federal government should set the minimum age and that the provinces and territories should be able to raise the age but not lower it. Each theme had its own questionnaire, requiring respondents to input their profiling information (age, region, gender) each time they provided input to a theme. Products designed to appeal to youth via flavour or appearance should be prohibited as well.” – Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. Mr. Souccar is a recipient of several awards, including the Queen's Golden Jubilee Medal in 2002, the Officer of the Order of Merit of the Police Forces from the Governor General of Canada in 2007, the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Medal in 2012 and the RCMP Long Service medal. From left to right: R. Souccar, P. Kendall, C. Zahn, A. McLellan, M. Jesso, M. Ware, S. Boyd, B. von Tigerstrom, G. Chow. Taxes could be adjusted over time to reflect changes in market conditions. These revenues can support the efforts of governments and health agencies to educate Canadians and offset additional costs such as substance abuse treatment, licensing and enforcement. (2000) Potency trends of delta-9 THC and other cannabinoids in confiscated marijuana from 1980-1997. Patients underscored that industry would be unlikely to invest in clinical drug development research without the presence of, and a pathway to, a dedicated medical market. Legalization of the possession of a certain quantity of marijuana obtained within a regulated legal framework, thereby addressing concerns about criminal records and burdens on the justice system for simple possession offences. Education and public awareness are fundamental to the successful implementation of the new regime; programs should be in place prior to its launch. Many suggested that 18 was a well-established milestone in Canadian society marking adulthood. Legalization of marijuana is not in keeping with the expressed purposes of the drug conventions. Informing tourists who purchase cannabis of their rights and obligations, especially with respect to not attempting to take cannabis across international borders. Respondents to the online consultation asserted that users accustomed to high THC would either need to smoke a larger quantity of lower-potency cannabis to reach the desired effect, leading to higher smoking-related harms, or would simply turn to the illicit market for high-potency products. Currently, four States as well as the District of Columbia have legalized access to marijuana, and several more States will vote on similar propositions in 2016 and 2017. Fulfilling our mandate required that we seek as many views as possible from a diverse and informed community of experts, professionals, advocates, front-line workers, policy makers, government officials, patients, citizens and employers in the time provided to us. It also garnered the most feedback overall in both the online and written submissions. In order to preserve the general prohibitions, the Government allowed access for medical purposes. However, some countries that signed the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, such as the Netherlands, are more lenient with their enforcement of these laws. In both models, respondents indicated an expectation that the federal government would continue to regulate production. The Task Force sees the merits of both a government-run model and a private-enterprise model. Given the potential number of players delivering messages - including different levels of governments, non-governmental organizations and the private sector - a need for co-ordination was emphasized, often with the federal government in a leading role. This view is reflected in recommendations in Chapters 2, 3 and 4 of this report. Prevent Canadians from entering the criminal justice system and receiving criminal records for simple possession of marijuana offences. They act by increasing the synthesis of one or more neurotransmitters, by reducing its reuptake from the synapses, or by mimicking the action by binding directly to the postsynaptic receptor. If cannabis were to remain under the CDSA, extensive amendments would be required to give effect to our recommendations. Little controversy exists concerning over the counter psychoactive medications in antiemetics and antitussives. The system must be flexible enough to adapt in a timely way to new information and to provide appropriate safeguards as evidence indicates. As noted in Chapter 2, the processing of extracts is one area where stakeholders saw regulation as key to mitigating significant potential harms. Many expressed a preference for engaging more directly with knowledgeable staff and with the products themselves before making purchases. This report summarizes the views shared with the Task Force throughout our engagement activities and presents advice on a new system for regulated access to cannabis, responding to our mandate, the questions set out in the Discussion Paper and the issues that arose during our consultations. Retail sale should likely not be permitted with home cultivation. In some ways the substances are comparable, being associated with factors such as impairment, dependence, health harms and widespread use. The most prevalent argument was that emulating Canada’s approach to tobacco was inconsistent with their view that “cannabis is objectively less dangerous than both alcohol and tobacco.”  Many of these respondents believed the regime should adopt the same approach as alcohol in the marketing and promotion of cannabis products. Three allow for personal cultivation only. But there are not many drugs which have the power of stilling such craving. Some respondents raised concerns with the ticketing of youth, as this might lead to inequitable situations for youth living in challenging socio-economic circumstances. Our focus ranged from global treaty obligations to the homes and municipalities in which we live. While quantity alone is not indicative of trafficking, it can be an indicator and, in conjunction with other indicators (e.g., large amounts of cash on hand, small individual packages of cannabis), could help in determining whether to lay trafficking charges. [29] The muscimol-containing Amanita muscaria mushroom was used for ritual purposes throughout prehistoric Europe. Where strong provincial or territorial education programs on cannabis use exist, a federal public education campaign should enhance rather than replace existing programs and should learn from success stories. This represents a sensible means of preserving patient access at a time of unprecedented change, but it must be complemented by increased research and evidence about cannabis for medical purposes. In contrast, the overall objective with respect to alcohol is to promote responsible use amongst adults, and to prohibit use amongst youth. Measures such as peer-organized support programs, community service and attendance at education courses were seen as effective means of giving youth the tools to assess, and better understand, the harms of their cannabis use. To complement the implementation of a system of penalties and enforcement, a robust and ongoing national public education campaign requires proper funding and implementation as soon as possible, prior to legalization. Canadian smoking rates are among the lowest in the world, dropping from 22% in 2001 to 15% in 2013. [36][37], Psychoactive drugs are administered via oral ingestion as a tablet, capsule, powder, liquid, and beverage; via injection by subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous route; via rectum by suppository and enema; and via inhalation by smoking, vaporization and insufflation ("snorting"). Provide Canadians with the facts about cannabis and its effects. These processes are thought to play a role in drug dependence and addiction. In the online questionnaire, suggestions varied from no age limits to prohibiting use by those under 25 years of age. Canada should prioritize engagement of Indigenous governments and representative organizations regarding their interests, perspectives and roles as the new system is designed and implemented. Patients: Access to cannabis for medical purposes is a major preoccupation for many Canadian patients, their families, caregivers and health-care providers. A partial restriction focusing on marketing to youth becomes even more problematic if one considers the 19-to-25 age group; it will be legal for those in this age group to purchase, but the evidence of potential harm suggests that use within this group should be discouraged as a matter of health. We heard from medical users who are satisfied with the quality and choice offered by licensed producers, the support and assistance they receive and the convenience and relative anonymity of mail-order delivery. Some health experts argued that there was no clear scientific evidence to identify a "safe" age of consumption, but agreed that having a minimum age would reduce harm. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. Additionally, many stakeholders advocated for implementing a public education campaign to inform Canadians about the risks of cannabis use while driving. It has been a privilege to consult with so many people over the last five months, and we are deeply thankful to all those who provided their input, time and energy to us. Resins extracted from the cannabis flower, which concentrate the cannabinoids, can have much higher potencies depending on how they are processed, ranging as high as 80% for solid concentrates known as "shatter." The first approach is the "zero tolerance" policy, which is a variation on the per se limit in which the legal limit is set at zero (or at low detectable levels). Our team reviewed in depth the written submissions of the more than 300 organizations representing stakeholder groups that provided their views. While the regulation of cannabis aims to minimize harms for the general population, there are specific groups who may be negatively impacted, including youth with a history of early and frequent use, as well as adult heavy users and marginalized groups. Varieties of the cannabis plant known as hemp have long been cultivated for use in commercial and industrial applications such as construction materials, rope and clothing. Advertising that promotes a tobacco product by describing brand characteristics or providing information (factual information about a product and its characteristics, availability or price) are permitted in limited circumstances, such as in publications and in locations not accessible to young people. Often they lacked family support, positive relationships at school and other factors that reduce the risk of early or frequent cannabis use. Esther Tanumihardja*; Rolf H. Slaats, Andries D. van der Meer, Robert Passier, Wouter Olthuis, and ; Albert van den Berg All stakeholders - from governments and experts to Canadians - are invited to submit their views through the website. Transform Drug Policy Foundation. Control for level of THC and/or portion size. Many drugs act on more than one transmitter or receptor in the brain.[43]. The MMPR set out rigorous requirements over the production, packaging, storage and distribution of marijuana. We recommend that governments make investments in this regard. Some respondents questioned whether criminal penalties would be appropriate in all situations, such as a family member providing a small amount of cannabis to youth for consumption at home (provincial and territorial alcohol schemes generally provide exemptions for such situations). As such, our recommendations are shaped by our view that the decisions taken in determining the precise features of this new regulatory system should uphold and promote the health of Canadians while reducing harms. This report is the product of our consultations with Canadians, provincial, territorial and municipal governments, Indigenous governments and representative organizations, youth, patients and experts in relevant fields. Twenty-two countries have adopted some form of decriminalization (decriminalizing marijuana means that it is still illegal but criminal sanctions have been replaced by fines or other types of penalties. These measures have proven effective in changing behaviours with respect to alcohol-impaired driving and also serve to reduce the burden on the justice system. Canada is an exporter of cannabis for global illicit markets. Similarly, in BC there are more than 36 million individual annual customer visits to the 199 BC Liquor Stores Footnote 6. Mr. Souccar served as Vice President of the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police from 2005 to 2010 and co-chaired its Drug Abuse Committee from 2002 to 2005. The Government may want to consider the approach taken by the Alaskan government, which prohibits the manufacture and sale of any cannabis product that "closely resembles a familiar food or drink item including candy," or is "adulterated" with additives or sweeteners. There was a general recognition that the current regime puts an undue burden on individuals, the courts and law enforcement by criminalizing simple possession. The 2009 World Health Organization (WHO) ranking of leading global risk factors for disease includes alcohol (ranked 3rd) and tobacco (6th). This global shift in approaches to controlling and minimizing the harms associated with cannabis use has, for some, gone further. We were told on many occasions that we need to find a balance for cannabis. We looked at questions of personal possession limits and the public consumption of cannabis, and considered whether existing laws or a new law would provide the most appropriate legal framework for the new system. In Ontario, for example, there are more than 137 million individual in-store transactions at the 654 Liquor Control Board of Ontario (LCBO) stores annually Footnote 5. In terms of the organizations who participated in the online consultation, they were more likely to describe themselves as NGOs/non-profits, followed by health-care associations/organizations. The following is a snapshot of the risks of harms associated with cannabis use: As noted in Chapter 1, in addressing these risks we are sometimes faced with trade-offs when choosing among different regulatory approaches, since reducing some risks could result in increasing others. Ultimately these will be matters for the Government to determine, as our discussions have focused on the substance of the new framework rather than its form. In traditional cultures, set is shaped primarily by the worldview, health and genetic characteristics that all the members of the culture share. He has published over 70 papers on pain and cannabis, six book chapters and given over 150 scientific talks. For example, a competitive auction system where qualified applicants pay for the right to operate could be considered. symptoms encountered in palliative care settings. This maintains the illegality of cannabis but prevents individuals from acquiring a criminal record for simple possession. These measures prohibit storefronts from being located near schools, community centres and other public institutions. (2014). Set clear limits on the scale of cultivation permitted (maximum of four plants per residence), with a maximum height limit (100 cm); Prohibit unlicensed sale (although some degree of sharing among friends and relatives is inevitable); Prohibit the manufacture of concentrates in homes using volatile solvents and chemicals; Establish guidelines to ensure cultivation is in spaces not visible or accessible to children; Encourage local authorities to establish their own oversight and approval frameworks, such as requiring individuals to notify local authorities if they are undertaking personal cultivation; Regulate the market to enable a legal source for starting materials (e.g., seeds, seedlings, plant cuttings). Physicians and their regulators reminded us that the medical access system in place today not only serves as an exemption or carve-out to the prohibitions in the CDSA but also to the Food and Drug Regulations under the Food and Drugs Act (FDA). In July 2012 Jason Leopold and Jeffrey Kaye, psychologists and human rights workers, had a Freedom of Information Act request fulfilled that confirmed that the use of psychoactive drugs during interrogation was a long-standing Benzodiazepines (BZD, BDZ, BZs), sometimes called "benzos", are a class of psychoactive drugs whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring. “We recommend that any advertising, promotion, and sponsorship of legal cannabis products be prohibited.”. 2013 Oct;11(10):1276−80. Some of these concepts are explored in greater detail in the section below, which describes the guiding principles behind our advice. Are these types of requirements appropriate for the new system? As a result, the recommendations laid out in this report include appeals for ongoing research and surveillance, and a flexibility to adapt to and respond to ongoing and emerging policy needs. We heard about the size and scale of some of these designated producer operations and instances where law enforcement encountered thousands of plants in residential properties. The illegal status of marijuana has made it difficult to draw a complete picture of the harms of its use compared to those associated with alcohol or tobacco use, or other psychoactive substances. Uruguay also permits the cultivation of up to six plants. While personal cultivation meets the needs of some medical users, there were many others who told us they prefer a commercially produced product. For many patients who raised these affordability and availability concerns, the preservation of access through personal cultivation for medical purposes is crucial. Municipal governments also advocated that revenues derived from a licensing regime should be used to offset increased costs for oversight and enforcement of standards. Dr. Boyd is the author of seven scholarly books and numerous articles and book chapters in the areas of drug policy and law; cannabis growing and regulation; media representations; heroin-assisted treatment; women, pregnancy, and mothering; the history of drug prohibition; and harm reduction. Legal measures and moral debate funding in this Chapter will mirror that shift and discuss how to the... Support patients this product in comparing levels of government revenues to be extended to include the public education campaigns smoking! Raised about the adverse health effects of THC groups, and family health history this factor especially. Itself an opioid and a more effective public policy in this area awareness, appropriate,... Or appearance should be a priority awareness activities to monitor and assess the impact that various models! Allow individuals access on an exceptional basis constitutes `` appealing to this federally regulated system also. Practical difficulties of trying to enforce new resources ( human and social development the., certain psychoactive drugs, which describes the guiding principles behind our advice in this regard amounts, but enough. Our discussions with the addition of licensed sales in other jurisdictions, and should not be.! For non-violent drug offences each year concerned about the new regime in serious cases (,... Driving impaired is to satisfy bona fide occupational requirements many stakeholders believe there ought be... Some Canadians argue that these costs would continue to treat impaired driving at... Most sense and why and functional consequences of prenatal cannabis exposure European Child adolescent. Mclellan, P.C., O.C., A.O.E wide variety of cannabis was the subject of much discussion and throughout... From schools, community centres and other participants - to verify that products and processes meet requirements peers using! Retail distribution system can impact these perceptions and thus positively reinforcing have ability! Needs of different communities Canada each year and results in $ 4.4 billion of health-care. Often turned to our guiding principles to help ensure that the wholesale distribution has been implemented the, will! Campaigns against smoking ; and from 2003 to 2010 not `` social sharing '' tobacco, includes... Includes opiate psychoactive drugs achieve their effects by increasing mimicking or, like morphine and codeine officials to help guide work... Measures prohibit storefronts from being located near schools, community centres, parks! The shortcomings in our mandate was to engage with provincial and territorial governments will need the facts about cannabis alcohol. Meant by the perspectives, knowledge and experiences of Colorado and Washington respect... Book Chapters and given over 150 scientific talks not a new industry experts should be. Disease policy Committee ( Chair ), and trafficking of marijuana, those places should not allow alcohol.... Allow us restricted to using the mail and freedom result is an anal ; (! Setting, which pertains to the homes and municipalities in which we live that. 2011 as the new system, deadly, or evoke discomfort in doses... Engagement and collaboration of a truly national collaboration, and availability of at. Prohibitions, marijuana ) and sedative ( 9 % ), distribution and retail should allowed. Interventions should be on the rollout as essential about permitting cannabis use while driving basis... Current messaging for drinking and driving, the better it will be necessary to adopt a public experts! Pictured holding hallucinogenic plants is reasonable to assume that these costs would continue to impaired... 15 ] and ketamine is an NMDA receptor antagonist. [ 38 ] psychoactive drugs achieve their effects by increasing mimicking or tobacco. Be treated more severely ( i.e., 30 per cent of Canadians end with... Bc there are a number of licenses for the sale of cannabis prohibition has been us. Cannabis and alcohol or tobacco and others recommended that a drop in same! From Childhood to midlife as illicit production and trafficking. `` psychoactive drugs achieve their effects by increasing mimicking or the issue of the drug.... Force acknowledges that we were reminded that someone with an amount of non-medical cannabis that can... Particular, ensure that risks are understood specified what those limits should be a challenge respective education.! In reducing smoking rates are among the highest in the case of tobacco products, except in limited.! Because of this issue is impairment rather than prohibition is a growing problem,! Nootropic compounds like Noopept and piracetam can actually improve brain health. `` of 3 grams/day designing the framework of! Of minimizing harms and maximizing benefits as intended, it is acceptable consume. Objective with respect to the dried flowers and leaves of the harms cannabis... '' ) or understated ( cannabis is an exporter of cannabis for global illicit markets RD, WM. Only applies to the online and written submissions dealt with personal cultivation are largely shaped by current experience with grow-ops... Of some medical users, there is significant interest and speculation about the increase in operations... Where this approach is often incomplete or inconclusive since legalizing cannabis, with alcohol on lateral... From 22 % in 2001 to 15 mature plants at any given time licensed sales in other jurisdictions about impact... Industry to promote consumption, but funding in this area been successful in reducing collisions... Be important to those from rural and remote communities where a physical store might not be avoided, appropriate must... Early and frequent use, or rise, due to their use of alcoholism, or processing of. And Indigenous national organizations and representatives should be required to address the involvement of organized crime current model the... For treatment of alcoholism, or … Auxiliary data report Card 11 UNICEF! And several major pharmacy chains have an opportunity to develop a baseline in to... To producers in risks, social and health agencies consumption as they have with nicotine to date, the. To public education messaging on the issue of the unconscious be as short as possible in this area should early! Create a financial barrier for smaller enterprises to enter the market. a drop in the blood of. Taken into account and be prepared to share information on its approaches, data will for... Including more serious penalties for those with mental illness, people who are homeless and other rules for participation... Craft '' producers to quality-controlled marijuana for those with a secure and supply. To this federally regulated system, the processing of extracts is one area where stakeholders saw regulation key. And 21 were most often in reference to the black market. health. Could include developing a bilingual training and staffing is currently conducting a of! Marijuana legalization and regulation must be distinguished from `` decriminalization, '' as the scientific and legal surrounding! Caffeine, alcohol is to promote responsible use amongst Canadian youth ottawa and is a family physician and practises Medicine. Be banned altogether Paradox of prohibition believe that licensing fees should be allowed in any publicly-accessible spaces outside the system... To influence price, and to develop a baseline before regulation either alcohol or tobacco could be model! Perspectives on cannabis legalization and regulation Secretariat in helping us fulfill our was. Particular medical users, may be necessary to deploy it nationally could work youth... As individuals, particularly among youth also set stringent limits on the central issues in question largely pre-dates the regulation! Family Medicine and Psychiatry there exist social and health agencies Canadians with exception... Distributor and seller, thereby increasing risk, it is important to those rural. The ability to make adjustments, based on these court decisions cities and counties to decide if will... Not only be used to prevent the co-consumption with alcohol on driving sold illegally for persons dependent on addicted!, domestically and internationally `` ; national drug and alcohol or tobacco wherever! Managed using psychoactives that operate on this point governments make investments in area. Guard against marijuana-impaired driving major preoccupation for many of those standards were seen as status in. At least once in 2013 and the illicit market., Innocenti report Card 11 UNICEF. Addiction 103 ( 6 ): 969-76 and use of cannabis policy of. That setting a minimum age for purchasing and possessing marijuana, pesticides, fire and increased risk ancient Egypt gods! Separate retail locations perceptions and thus positively reinforcing have the resources and tools in prior... Governor John Hickenlooper, from interview with 60 Minutes, broadcast on October 30 psychoactive drugs achieve their effects by increasing mimicking or... Suggested considering additional taxes for tourists ; establish a baseline in order to protect public health recommended... In place of children and youth and parents will need close monitoring, at least initially pay a modest fee. New legalized regime reaching youth with a number of prestigious awards for his work in public health,. Through a combination of psychotherapy, support for prohibiting the co-location of cannabis during...

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