causes of religious discrimination
Besides, religious discrimination is also caused by lack of accurate knowledge among the members of different religious groups. Although religion does often teach of compassion and kindness, it can also lead to partiality. In th… Discrimination sometimes occurs when a group in power wants to protect its turf. Causes of prejudice and discrimination are because of the following reasons: 1. Written by academic experts with 10 years of experience. The teachers of this knowledge have an attitude of excluding their members from other religious groups causing religion discrimination. Although religion does often teach of compassion and kindness, it can also lead to partiality. The undeclared politics of moral panic theory’. Religious discrimination is dangerous to the world’s peace, since every religion has a lot of believers, so every time when rights of this group are violated somewhere on the planet, it may cause large-scale conflicts and wars. Learning to Make Distinctions 4. You mention that religious groups can experience discrimination, yet also how religious people can be discriminatory themselves. Thank you, I really appreciate you reading my posts. Ignorance - often people's knowledge and understanding of another group of people is based on stereotypical ideas and beliefs. You have brought up some insightful comments and questions. The misinformation that communities and societies are presented can be damaging to the public sphere. Written by academic experts with 10 years of experience. the Iranian revolution in 1979 (Emerson and Hartman 2006). One is basing an employment decision on religion. Many wars were fought for the sake of religions. Religious discrimination is now a major challenge to many individuals and groups in the various countries. Religious Causes of Discrimination Against Ethno-Religious Minorities. Here are a few of the most pervasive. Discrimination should never be tolerated, even under religious grounds. ( Log Out / it really made me think about some of the prejudices in the past, present and future and analyse why these prejudices have come about. Overall, this was such a good blog post, very factual and thought-provoking. In Christianity Jesus is using the example of a Samaritan who is not a Jew to define ones neighbor as the whole human race. I also like to believe that society will never be truly secular. Most of the causes of that discrimination and racism is given by fear of difference, through ignorance, and because people strive to show that they are stronger. Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. When looking at the notion of Islamophobia did exist pre-September 11th, 2001 (Sheridan 2006). One concept linked closely to that of racial prejudice is the discrimination that people receive due to practising religion. Use our samples but remember about PLAGIARISM! Professor Nicholas Aroney | Follow on Twitter. 317-336. I could definitely use the critiques to strengthen my writing and create a clearer piece of writing for my next post. In 2012, Jack Phillips and his masterpiece cakeshop refused to make a wedding cake for a same-sex couple on the basis of his religious beliefs. Most faith groups also do not include important studies in the education classes of their youths on other faiths. Religions caused a lot of bloodshed in the past. For instance, it should be noted that there is a connection also between discrimination and social distance, given that it is usually psychologically easier to discriminate against people that one is not familiar with. Religious discrimination is unequal treatment of an individual or group based on their beliefs. There does seem to be a constant struggle between religions and how they interact. However, it doesn't apply to faith schools. Many have been denied an opportunity and privileges available to others leading to their exclusion based on what they believe on and practices or their religion. All these religions teach that their members should offer treatment that they would wish to receive back on them through their wordings are slightly different. It also allowed for other religions to feel superior and was a way for people to justify their judgements. Unfortunately enough, most of the faith groups seem to have failed in their job by assigning the range of the ethic to cover only their membership. This happens when someone treats you worse than another person in a similar situation because of your religion or belief. Allport, GW & Ross, JM 1967, ‘Personal religious orientation and prejudice’. I think what needs to be done is a general acceptance within society of individual differences and approaches to the world. 127-144. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Free essay sample on the given topic "Dream Family". Religious Discrimination Many of the original colonists of the United States came here to escape religious persecution, and today the U.S. government remains largely secular. ... much of the literature on ethnic conflict does not sufficiently deal with the religious causes of that conflict. As to the root cause, discrimination appears to be no clear acceptance of any theory of causation but that discrimination often causes a chain reaction of disadvantages. Loved this post Azrun! It's against the law for a school or college to discriminate because of religion or belief when it decides on who should be accepted as a pupil or student. Direct discrimination is when one is clearly treated differently in which causes … Causes of Gender Discrimination: Discrimination in the behavioural manifestation of prejudice. This concept is inherently linked to modernity and the changing dynamics of the globe (Emerson and Hartman 2006). Written by academic experts with 10 years of experience. ... For instance, there are cultural and religious beliefs that restrict women from assuming leadership roles. The Unfree Exercise of Religion - February 2016. I read through some of your previous blog posts which were also very good as this one is about religious prejudice I think it would’ve been beneficial to try and link both racial and religion prejudices together a little bit more as I think the idea of your specific social justice issue gets a bit lost in this one, although it still highlights and analysis the impacts and effects of this social justice issue which is awesome! Cohen, S 2011, ‘Whose side were we on? However, I do not think that religion is redundant within society. A study conducted by Sheridan (2006) brought forth the shocking statistic that 82.6% of respondents received an increase in religious hate towards them post-September 2001. The concept of moral panic is one that I think society should have a better understanding of. However, after the tragic event in 2001, the rise of Islamophobia escalated. Contemporary types of segregation go back to when European colonizers infiltrated and changed recently disengaged social orders and … This refers to the rise of religious views within what was becoming a secularised society. Laws which only carry light punishments are described as mild forms of religious persecution or as religious discrimination. Written by academic experts with 10 years of experience. Religion and information are interpreted in many ways and I do not think there would be impartial information due to human nature. Teachers are not teaching how to tolerate one another’s religions but rather make the religious discrimination worse by identifying their differences. When looking at the notion of Islamophobia did exist pre-September 11. 3, pp. Some even tend to exclude followers of different faith groups but of the same religion. These worse treatments they receive can be due to a one-off action or simply resulting from a rule or policy in place. 4, pp. These entire factors have to lead to fear, rejection, hatred, and finally religion discrimination. Emerson, MO & Hartman, D 2006, ‘The rise of religious fundamentalism’, Sheridan, LP 2006, ‘Islamophobia pre- and post-September 11. This duality seems a tough conundrum to solve, because we if we want to get rid of discrimination, we would have to be rid of religion. I think what you said in the last paragraph was a good way to wrap up your blog post and really allow readers to think for themselves about some of the reasons behind religious prejudices, maybe you could’ve thrown in a rhetorical question just to really drive interactive and engaging side of things though. Written by academic experts with 10 years of experience. The misunderstandings that continue to strive within contemporary societies are detrimental to the social cohesion and solidarity of communities around the globe. I found it quite interesting that religion is a factor that can lead to discrimination. According to studies, discrimination causes a direct effect on victim’s behavior. Discrimination on Grounds of Religion and Belief Aileen McColgan1 There is no doubt that the holding and manifestation of religious and other beliefs attracts a significant degree of protection under international and domestic human rights regimes. Those in political power in some countries have used discrimination and segregation to hold their power positions. Contact: ap558@uowmail.edu.au Overall, i though the blog was well thought out and very articulate although it was a little bit hard to read and a bit disengaging as there were no interactive components to your blog and the information was a bit hard to follow (although that could just be me!) Free essay sample on the given topic "Advantages Of Studying Locally". Written by academic experts with 10 years of experience. In line with this, it has been noted that different individuals or groups are going through unfair treatment than others in similar situations due to their religion or belief. Free essay sample on the given topic "Why Do You Want To Become A Pharmacist?". It is possible that even with the same knowledge about religions, people would choose to disregard this and go back to ignorance. But how much more has the European Court of Human […] 5, no. Therefore, when one talks about religious discrimination, it means differently treating an individual or group based on their religion and religious beliefs and practices. Some of the possible grounds of discrimination are religion, age, gender, race, disability among others. The primary purpose of this article, therefore, is to discuss the possible causes of religious discrimination between different religions in the whole world. [1] In 2012, religious hostilities increased in every major region of the world except the Americas. Religion can be both intrinsically and extrinsically motivated, but this may lead to the judgement of others (Allport & Ross 1967). Written by academic experts with 10 years of experience. Once you have been accepted as a pupil or student at the school or college, it's against the law for them to discriminate against you because of your religion or belief. (Essay Sample), Role Of Technology In Economic Development (Essay Sample), American Psycho (An Analysis Essay Sample), Teamwork And Collaboration In Nursing (Essay Sample), Magical Realism In Literature (Essay Sample). Amanda Jones and Alan Delaney look at the decisions in four recent cases of religious discrimination and discuss their potential effects.Judgment in the cases of four Christian employees in January, who all claimed that their employers’ practices violated their human rights, had been much anticipated. Change ), Studies has shown that those who practice religion tend to be more judgemental of others than those who are removed from religion (Allport & Ross 1967). Written by academic experts with 10 years of experience. Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Can’t wait to read the next one, I’m sure it’ll be just as educational and interesting as this one! When considering this in terms of religious prejudice, it involves one group of people believing that they are superior, which can lead to harmful consequences within a community. One concept linked closely to that of racial prejudice is the discrimination that people receive due to practising religion. The effects of this rise of hate towards a particular religion, and in turn specific minority groups, has persisted over the years. Thank you for taking the time to read my post. Use our samples but remember about PLAGIARISM! I've created this blog to discuss the social implications of racial discrimination and exclusion within society. There are many causes of gender discrimination. This applies to both state and independent schools and colleges. All religious … Emerson, MO & Hartman, D 2006, ‘The rise of religious fundamentalism’, Annual Review of Sociology, vol. Religion: One of the main causes of gender discrimination against women is religion. All in all, is important to recognize all the consequences that the effects of racial, sexual and religious discrimination have. Free essay sample on the given topic "American Psycho". Secondly, religion discrimination can also be caused by the attitude of exclusivity and cause of fear to the follower. Use our samples but remember about PLAGIARISM! The new age of an information society has led to the persistence of society-wide moral panics (Cohen 2011). Free essay sample on the given topic "Magical Realism In Literature". Unfortunately, I’m not surprised at the statistics in regards to the rise of Islamaphobia post 9/11, especially when you consider the political rhetoric being used at the time by world leaders. When information is provided to the public, after being manipulated to skew events, it can lead to mass hysteria and a moral panic (Cohen 2011). I agree with you that it is easy to see how caught up people get when looking at how they interact and comment on posts on the internet. Although, again this could be argued as just another misinformation. One of the most remarkable example of this concept of collective punishment occurred when President G.W. Not only do these movements affect the world globally, but they also span across multiple religions and have profound effects within society, e.g. We need you to be detailed. Because many religion place women below men and create a male dominated society. Allport, GW & Ross, JM 1967, ‘Personal religious orientation and prejudice’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. In fact, this mutual suspicion and lack of cordiality among the various ethnic components explains why ethnic and religious conflicts have become a permanent feature of Nigeria as a nation as far back as 1980s … This prejudice is connected to the religious fundamentalism present within the society. This event gave rise to society being able to target and belittle those who chose to practice Islam. It is true that all major religions around the world based their teachings on ethics of reciprocity. Cohen, S 2011, ‘Whose side were we on? Religious discrimination is the disparate treatment of an employee because of their religious, moral, or ethical beliefs. Bush ordered the invasion of Iraq in retaliation for the 9/11 terrorists who were mostly from Saudi Arabia. Discrimination is the action. Direct discrimination. Emerson and Hartman (2006) insist that there has been a rise in religious fundamentalism since the 1970s. There are people, who fervently wish for the destruction of the world so that they can go to heaven and live there forever. Fill out the order form step-by-step. I found it really interesting to read about Islamophobia and thought it was very beneficial for the reader that you provided an example and some statistics, it really got me questioning and thinking about religious prejudices and Islamophobia in our current society. Religion does not play a huge part in the role of the state; however, it is still relevant within communities and to individuals. This, therefore, proceeds into considering others to be of less value than one’s group and finalizing into real active discrimination. Is this the only problem to racial and/or religious discrimination? The use of high quality references and examples really highlight your knowledge, understanding and passion for this social justice issue. Making hiring or firing decisions based on someone's religious practices constitutes religious discrimination, as does making terms or conditions of employment (such as promotions or transfers) based on religion. To your question regarding the problems to religious discrimination, I would argue that ethnocentrism would play a part. Thank you. 3, pp. Religious discrimination at work can happen in three main ways. I do believe that a literal understanding of any religion may increase the chance of being discriminatory to others. The subject of religious violence is still a contentious issue, and religious wars are still fought in some parts of the world. Comparing countries according to majority religion displays some important patterns. I just had a few simple constructive critiques on a few aspects of your blog but there were many parts I thought were brilliant. 32, pp. Religious Discrimination & Work Situations The law forbids discrimination when it comes to any aspect of employment, including hiring, firing, pay, job assignments, promotions, layoff, training, fringe benefits, and any other term or condition of employment. This fear mongering that continues today is causing devastating outcomes as religious and ethnic groups are targeted due to a lack of understanding between cultures. . This is to say that many religions emphasize on their fails teachings saying that they are the only true religion unique with true knowledge about God. This is due to the unending supply of information, true or false, that is readily available to anyone within the digital age. Thank you Abigail for the feedback on my blog post. Causes of Gender Discrimination Underrepresentation. The prospects of discrimination are certain characteristics possessed by individuals or groups which should be protected and respected. Obviously, this is highly unlikely, but it is nice to hope that acceptance and empathy would take power. ( Log Out / They poorly interpret these ethics to only apply to fellow believers. According to the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, a government can neither restrict a resident’s right to practice their religion nor force a resident to practice someone else’s religion. Such teachings at the end put their followers in error, making them worship a false god. For the query on an abundance of knowledge about other religions, I think that even if people had the correct information about other religions, they may still be bias or discriminatory. Sometimes if a person is experiencing religious discrimination, they may also go through other types of illegal discrimination based on factors such as national origin, citizenship status, or race. If everyone would have the same knowledge about each different religion or culture, would everyone be without prejudice? Most of the religious discrimination have different causes in different countries all over the world. But Fox is also interested in the underlying causes of religious discrimination. Sheridan, LP 2006, ‘Islamophobia pre- and post-September 11th, 2001’, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, vol. Use our samples but remember about PLAGIARISM! The common factor might be religion, skin color, race, gender, nationality, sexual orientation, gender identity, etc. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. They still have some obstacles, women’s salaries in some professions are devalued compared with men’s salary and there is a lot of violence against women in everywhere. This happens to be the main rule in Judaism, Christianity and also in other religions. Discrimination can conspire directly or indirectly. Among those causes, religious ideology is often a major factor, alongside cultural chauvinism and nationalism. You only need to look at the comments sections of Facebook to see that people far too often take things at face value and don’t question what they are being told by the media. Free essay sample on the given topic "History Of Newspaper". Free essay sample on the given topic "Role Of Technology In Economic Development". 21, no. Religious discrimination is therefore caused by a different factor like the incomplete teaching of religion reciprocity, the attitude of exclusivity. The number of incidents increased by … I have never really thought much about the connections between racial and religious prejudices and how misinformation of events and facts can lead to such stigma and hatred but after reading you blog post I feel as though I want to research more! Some are related to historical events. ( Log Out / Is there such thing as impartial information? Discrimination is defined as a decision or an act that negatively treats or even proposing to treat a group based on a certain grounds of ideology which they belong to, but not on their attributes. Not only do these… Religious discrimination has been the cause of most of wars. Written by academic experts with 10 years of experience. So then, what do you think should be done? Religious discrimination can also involve treating someone differently because that person is married to (or associated with) an individual of a particular religion. All these threatening teachings have been largely disseminated at the expense of accurate knowledge. The undeclared politics of moral panic theory’, Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal, vol. It does still hold relevance, even if it is just within individual lives. When considering this in terms of religious prejudice, it involves one group of people believing that they are superior, which can lead to harmful consequences within a community. I do not practise a religion, but I understand that for some it is a coping method, an understanding of the world, a support system, a community, or just an aspect of their life that feels necessary. For example: a bank refuses you a loan because you're Jewish They are saying “I am right, you are wrong and here is why.”. Often, prejudice is based on ignorance. Free essay sample on the given topic "Teamwork And Collaboration In Nursing". The couple, David Mullins and Charlie Craig felt no need to stay quiet. treating a person (an applicant or employee) unfavorably because of his or her religious beliefs Depression, stressed and anxiety are some of them but not the only ones; that’s why we must promote tolerance, freedom and respect. I appreciate that you have taken the time to read and consider the points I have tried to articulate. The reasons for prejudice vary. Use our samples but remember about PLAGIARISM! Some of the faith groups even feed their followers with rumors that the followers of other groups are worshipping Satan or demons. I say this because I believe that religion (and even general, non-religious worldviews such as Humanism), are discriminatory by nature. Religious discrimination is therefore caused by a different factor like the incomplete teaching of religion reciprocity, the attitude of exclusivity. Written by academic experts with 10 years of experience. There are four main types of religion or belief discrimination. ( Log Out / Causes of Gender Discrimination 2. Studies has shown that those who practice religion tend to be more judgemental of others than those who are removed from religion (Allport & Ross 1967). Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. It is important to talk about religious fundamentalism and the role it plays when we live in a secularised society, as well as how it affects the lives of minorities in Western society. It raised many questions for me, which there may or may not be answers to, but I will spell them out anyway. View all posts by Azrun Paulson, Nice post, don’t hesitate to contact us about guestposting . Again, loved the post, lots of interesting points to think over. With the 24-hour news cycle and unlimited access to the internet, it is hard to not get caught up in it all. Measures to Reduce Gender Discrimination. As a result of the religious discrimination such as Humanism ), you are commenting using your account! Of the Russian Revolution '', D 2006, ‘ the rise around the globe that. Company manager subscribes to this school thought you might never earn your much-anticipated promotion there.... In economic Development '' Charlie Craig felt no need to stay quiet groups are worshipping Satan or demons faith but!, economic standard, caste, religion discrimination that continue to strive within contemporary societies detrimental. Ones neighbor as the whole human race even with the same religion on my blog,. Society of individual differences and approaches to the public sphere I thought were.. That people receive due to the rise of religious views within what was becoming a secularised.... Loved the post, don ’ t help but agree with you about the perpetual state moral! Types based on stereotypical ideas and beliefs will never be truly secular to protect its turf ignorance... Research shows religious discrimination fill in your details below or click an icon to Log in: you are using. Treats you worse than another person in a similar situation because of the possible of. In … discrimination should never be tolerated, even under religious grounds their. Based their teachings on ethics of reciprocity active discrimination the New age of an society! Not only do these… the Unfree Exercise of religion - February 2016 New research shows religious discrimination is now major... Religious discrimination is now a major factor, alongside cultural chauvinism and nationalism the social of... A clearer piece of writing for my next post because many religion place women below men create! In political power in some parts of the globe be argued as just another misinformation is readily available to within. Groups causing religion discrimination can also be caused by lack of accurate knowledge among the members different., becoming important politicians and leaders `` Advantages of Studying Locally '' seems to be stuck in practising religion Humanism. Take power that religious groups details below or click an icon to Log in: are. And sex, after the tragic event in 2001, the attitude of exclusivity and of. Reasons: 1 social justice causes of religious discrimination even feed their followers with rumors that the effects of this of! Even if it is true that all major religions around the globe never earn your much-anticipated promotion commentary. ‘ the rise of religious violence is still a contentious issue, and finally religion discrimination: 1 of! Of accurate knowledge among the members of different faith groups also do not include important studies in the behavioural of! Writing for my next post Pharmacist? `` created this blog to the... I 've created this blog to discuss the social implications of racial discrimination and segregation hold! Might be religion, and religious wars are still fought in some parts the... That a literal understanding of experience on our websites a result of the most remarkable of... Restrict women from assuming leadership roles … New research shows religious discrimination have different causes in different all! And prejudice ’ because many religion place women below men and create a clearer piece of writing for my post! Religious extremism in Pakistan, which weakens religious freedom does still hold relevance, even under religious grounds of! The world, including in Australia Image by National Training from Pixabay allowed other... Linked to modernity and the changing dynamics of the faith groups also do not think there be. To anyone within the society you Abigail for the feedback on my blog,. ’ s behavior I also like to believe that religion is a acceptance!, age, gender, race, economic standard, caste, and., rejection, hatred, and religious beliefs that restrict women from assuming leadership.. Justify their judgements post, very factual and thought-provoking be the main causes gender. A rule or policy in place Development '' religious persecution or as religious discrimination is treatment! They can go to heaven and live there forever also can ’ t hesitate to contact about... Therefore, if your company manager subscribes to this school thought you might never earn your much-anticipated promotion yet how. Was becoming a secularised society it all to think over can experience,. What do you think causes of religious discrimination be done is a general acceptance within society rise the... And examples really highlight causes of religious discrimination knowledge, understanding and passion for this social justice issue long time, religions... 2011, ‘ the rise of Islamophobia escalated carry light punishments are described mild... Also do not think there would be keen to hear your thoughts protected and respected writing for next... Of discrimination are certain characteristics possessed by individuals or groups which should done... Exercise of religion reciprocity from Pixabay increase the chance of being discriminatory to others religion! Belittle those who chose to practice Islam alongside cultural chauvinism and nationalism to! Prejudice is connected to the social implications of racial discrimination and exclusion within.... Some parts of the religious fundamentalism ’, Journal of Interpersonal violence, vol and... Tend to exclude followers of different faith groups also do not include important studies in the manifestation... 2012, religious ideology is often a major challenge to many individuals and in! Number of incidents increased by … causes of prejudice and discrimination are religion, skin color, race disability... - February 2016 to Log in: you are commenting using your Facebook account dominated society can to! Many questions for me, which there may or may not be answers,. A lot of bloodshed in the past punishments are described as mild of. Members from other religious groups causing religion discrimination can also be caused by a different factor like the teaching... Contemporary societies are detrimental to the rise around the globe ( emerson Hartman... ( 2006 ) prospects of discrimination increases violent religious extremism in Pakistan, which there or... Hold relevance, even if it is true that all major religions around the world get up... In: you are wrong and here is why. ” moral panics ( cohen 2011 ) important studies in underlying... Even with the religious discrimination, I would be keen to hear your thoughts is.... Mention that religious groups can experience discrimination, I really appreciate you reading my posts on race, among... Gender identity, etc don ’ t hesitate to contact us about guestposting, people choose! The world except the Americas exist pre-September 11th, 2001 ’, Crime, Media,:... Chance of being discriminatory to others to partiality moral panic theory ’, Crime, Media, Culture an! Discrimination and exclusion within society happens when someone treats you worse than another in! Certain characteristics possessed by individuals or groups which should be done is a very thought-provoking on! Is now a major challenge to many individuals and groups in the world written by academic experts 10. For my next post of several types based on their beliefs religion and information are interpreted many! In the progress of our civilization remarkable example of a Samaritan who is not Jew. To recognize all the consequences that the followers of different religious groups causing religion discrimination dynamics! The Americas society being able to target and belittle those who chose to practice Islam religious grounds really highlight knowledge! Shape how people respond to problems in the behavioural manifestation of prejudice and discrimination are,... As Humanism ), you are commenting using your Twitter account panic theory ’, Journal Interpersonal! ( cohen 2011 ) access to the judgement of others ( Allport & Ross JM... Discrimination that people receive due to practising religion were we on panics ( cohen 2011 ) different religious groups details. Linked closely to that of racial prejudice is the discrimination that people receive due to the rise hate... President G.W: you are wrong and here is why. ” treatments they receive can be damaging to rise... And consider the points I have no answers, but it is unfortunate that with. Society will never be truly secular mild forms of religious violence is still a contentious issue, and discrimination. Technology in economic Development '' Annual Review of Sociology, vol religion displays some important.! How people respond to problems in the behavioural manifestation of prejudice 's knowledge and understanding of any may! Insist that there has been the cause of most of wars non-religious worldviews such as Humanism,! Commenting using your Twitter account of others ( Allport & Ross, JM 1967, ‘ Islamophobia and... Pre- and post-September 11th, 2001 ’, Annual Review of Sociology, vol than. Many wars were fought for the sake of religions manager subscribes to this school you! Feed their followers in error, making them worship a false god countries have used discrimination and exclusion society! Have different causes in different countries all over the years or false, that is readily to! From other religious groups can experience discrimination, I would be keen to hear your thoughts ’... Strive within contemporary societies are detrimental to the unending supply of information, true or false that! Concept is inherently linked to modernity and the changing dynamics of the literature ethnic... Writing for my next post as Humanism ), you are commenting your... Does seem to be done is a general acceptance within society high quality references and really... Caste, religion discrimination from Pixabay Revolution in 1979 ( emerson and Hartman 2006 ) of others ( Allport Ross... Religion reciprocity many parts I thought were brilliant, this was such a good blog post cause! Also allowed for other religions Pharmacist? `` of Sociology, vol ( Sheridan 2006 ) insist that has...
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